追溯山茱萸科植物的性状进化和生物地理学历史——方法选择的影响?

This study compares results on reconstructing the ancestral state of characters and ancestral areas of distribution in Cornaceae to gain insights into the impact of using different analytical methods. Ancestral character state reconstructions were compared among three methods (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and stochastic character mapping) using MESQUITE and a full Bayesian method in BAYESTRAITS and inferences of ancestral area distribution were compared between the parsimony-based dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) and a newly developed maximum likelihood (ML) method. Results indicated that among the six inflorescence and fruit characters examined, "perfect" binary characters (no homoplasy, no polymorphism within terminals, and no missing data) are little affected by choice of method, while homoplasious characters and missing data are sensitive to methods used. Ancestral areas at deep nodes of the phylogeny are substantially different between DIVA and ML and strikingly different between analyses including and excluding fossils at three deepest nodes. These results, while raising caution in making conclusions on trait evolution and historical biogeography using conventional methods, demonstrate a limitation in our current understanding of character evolution and biogeography. The biogeographic history favored by the ML analyses including fossils suggested the origin and early radiation of Cornus likely occurred in the late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary in Europe and intercontinental disjunctions in three lineages involved movements across the North Atlantic Land Bridge (BLB) in the early and mid Tertiary. This result is congruent with the role of NALB for post-Eocene migration and in connecting tropical floras in North America and Africa, and in eastern Asia and South America. However, alternative hypotheses with an origin in eastern Asia and early Trans-Beringia migrations of the genus cannot be ruled out.     

2002-2009年徐州市14家医疗卫生机构获市科技进步奖统计分析

目的 通过对医疗卫生机构2002-2009年获科技进步奖情况的统计分析,客观评价卫生机构科研工作的优势及问题,为进一步促进卫生科研工作提供借鉴. 方法 通过查阅徐州市科技局科技进步奖成果档案及各单位科技档案,对医疗卫生机构获徐州市科技进步奖的等级、研究类型等情况进行统计分析. 结果 2002-2009年14家医疗卫生机构获徐州市科技进步奖239项,呈逐年增长之势,特别是近4年明显上升.学科分布以基础医学、临床医学成果为主. 结论 在成果数量增加的同时更应该注重成果的含金量；应加强学科建设及各重点学科间的联合,获取大成果.     

测定二氧化碳浓度的注射法

红外线二氧化碳分析仪是测定植物光合作用和呼吸作用或其所处环境中二氧化碳浓度的常用仪器。测定过程中的气流通过分析仪时，需要一定的平衡时间才能得到一个稳定的读数，要想测出只有几十毫升的气体中的二氧化碳浓度变化非常困难。为此，我们参照Qop等人［‘］的方法，对测定     

小克银汉霉核糖体DNAPCR扩增产物的限制性片段长度多型性

应用一对寡苷酸引物ＩＴＳ１与ＩＴＳ４对核ＤＮＡＧ＋Ｃ百分数小于３０％的小克银汉霉属的核糖体ＤＮＡ（ｒＤＮＡ）内转录间区（ＩＴＳ）进行了扩增。测试的属于１０个种和变种的２２株菌都得到了扩增产物，在同属不同种之间扩增的ＩＴＳ片段长度有巨大差别。据此可分为三组。这三组所含分类群数及其ＤＮＡ长度 ：第一组４种１变种，小于７６４碱基对；第二组２种，７６５－８２４ｂｐ；第三组２种１变种，大于８２５ｂｐ。所研究     

封面植物简介——丽江杓兰(英文)

Cypripediumlichiangense S.C.Chen & P.J.Cribb (Orchidaceae),endemic to China,is an endangered species according to I UCN Red List criteria (IUCN,2001:I UCN Red List Categories and Criteria,Version     

甘薯杂交胚发育过程中的一些生理变化

杂交育种仍是目前甘薯（Ipomoeabatatas）育种的主要手段，而品种间不亲和性的大小和杂交结实率低是制约甘薯杂交育种效果的两个主要因素［”］。迄今已知甘薯存在着15个不同的杂交不亲和群，同群品种间杂交不结实或结实率极低（0％～5％），而异群品种间杂交给实率较高（20％～50％）［‘j。对于杂交结实率低的原因和解决途径，只有少量基干解剖学的观察［”‘’1和利用嫁接、植物生长调节剂提高结实率的报道＊－”。在生理基础方面的研究则未见报道。为此我们选择甘薯高自1号X88－3这一杂交组合（结实率为13．3士l．8％），在8月份的每天…     

齿匙同蝽

<正>齿匙同蝽Elasmucha fieberi(Jakovlev),隶属于半翅目Hemiptera,同蝽科Acanthosomatidae。体长8mm左右,体宽4mm左右,身体棕绿色或灰褐色,具黑色刻点,头顶刻点粗糙密集。雄虫触角     

棘豆属三种植物体外培养再生植株

PlantletRe郡nerattonfromThreespeciesof山涉oplsInv咖0LIUMing－Zhi（a仲伽响ofeq，Imlz’xlho，LnNz～xl730000）1植物名称棘豆属：黄花棘豆（Oxytropisochrocephala）、甘肃棘豆（O.kansuensis）和宽苞棘豆（O.latirateata）。2材料类别由种子萌发的无菌苗下胚轴以及子叶的切段和切块。3培养条件使用B5和MS及改良的MS培养基[MS大量元素的CaCl2·2H2O、MgSO4；·7H2O、KH2PO4不变，改变NO3和NH浓度及比例。因此，在培养基中除加入不同比例及不同量的KNO3和NH4NO3外，还添加适量的氯化钾和柠檬酸按。No：NH分别为0：6…